More about curriculum - the what, how and why of subject English

The last two years have been the only two years in my teaching career when I haven't taught Grade 12 English or Literature alongside my Middle School classes. I miss the energy and momentum of this final year; it's hard work keeping up with the kids and making sure that I have given them the best chance to demonstrate their skills in the final exam, but it's very rewarding.

What has surprised me about teaching only Middle School (G6, 7 and 8) at UWCSEA is how much harder it has been. At Grade 12 I had to think deeply about texts and how to connect students to the ideas but what I taught and what the students needed to be able to do was clearly defined - this part of the learning didn't require much thinking at all.

At Middle School we have to think not just about the "what" of our teaching, but also the "how" and the "why". Over the last 15 years, Middle Schools around the world have been going through a curriculum revolution and it occurs to me that only now are the many pieces of the new understandings about what it means to teach young adolescents coming together. We began with research into the unique developmental needs of adolescents. Concurrently curricula authorities began looking at benchmarking and sequencing K to 10 curricula. As these two pieces come together, Middle School teachers find ourselves at the pointy edge of a new set of curriculum understandings. Grade 12 students have a skill-set not too far from my own; thinking my way through how a Grade 7 student might best grasp an idea takes considerable imagination and energy.

I  articulated some of these ideas this week in response to a question from a parent about why we don't do more essay writing in Middle School. Here's what I wrote:

As you may know, UWCSEA made the decision a few years ago to review our curriculum and develop Standards and Benchmarks for a unique UWCSEA curriculum. What we found as we compared English curricula from around the world and looked at our own teaching practice, was that, from Primary to IB, we were doing a good job of teaching students many of the writing skills associated with essays but that we needed more emphasis on the thinking skills. The students who are most successful with essay writing in Grade 12 and University are those who see the form as a media for thought and have the confidence to adapt and build their writing to match their own insights and the needs of their audience.

Writing a good essay is about a lot more than putting pen to paper. If students are to do this writing part well, they need some complex reading and thinking skills so that they have something meaningful and engaging to say. We know from the research into how Middle School students learn, that this is an important time for building student's thinking skills and autonomy. Students want to think for themselves but we also have to teach them how to support their ideas and arguments and how to engage critically and respectfully with the wider cultural world.

What our review of the curriculum has shown us is that students need this greater emphasis on critical reading and developing the confidence and autonomy to make claims about the underlying ideas in texts; equally important is the close attention to detail to find appropriate supporting evidence for the things they want to say. When students are able to do these things - and they have been doing a lot of them in G6, 7 and 8 - they are doing the very important "pre-writing" component of the essay writing process. As adults, we sometimes form the misconception that having an opinion about a text (or about a topic in Humanities or Science) is a relatively easy process. Reading deeply, independently and widely and finding meaningful and appropriate evidence to support your arguments is a difficult skill that requires significant time and effort to learn.

Which isn't to say that the writing component of an essay isn't also important. Knowing how to craft your words to say what you want to say clearly and appropriately is also a skill that needs to be taught and practiced. We do this mostly in smaller pieces of writing in the Middle School and often focus on forms other than essay writing recognising that students will have less and less space in the curriculum ahead to develop their capacity for creative writing and for writing in forms other than the essay, but that the best writers are those who can paint from a wide palette of skills. 

The writing mechanics for producing an essay are not, of themselves, terribly difficult but if we focus on them too early, students write essays that are hollow and dispiriting. If we can prepare our Middle School students to be careful thinkers who are learning to experiment and craft language, then our High School colleagues have the foundations they need to build strong academic writers in the final years.

As I sit here working on the next unit to teach my Grade 6 students, it occurs to me that it is no wonder it takes so much time and seems like such hard work. At UWCSEA we've articulated a clear and thoughtful description of what we think needs to be taught from K to 10. Translating these understandings into meaningful units which really prepare students well for each next step requires creativity, imagination and lots of time.

I miss the relative simplicity of Grade 12 but I'm relishing the challenge of Middle School.

Using story to make sense of the world

Writing curriculum is a adventure story all of its own.

By Alfred Henry Miles (1848-1929)
[Public domain],
via Wikimedia Commons

I wrote in November about the power of seeing curriculum as dialectical rather than as a linear narrative. In essence, the argument was that student learning is more effective when curriculum content* is constructed through an ongoing conversation between teachers and the curriculum authority rather than being mandated by a set of commandments from on high. The agency this gives teachers translates into agency for students. When curriculum is based on an understanding that 'the mystery of discourse is not order, but disorder, incoherence, the possibility of the unthinkable,' to quote the sociologist Basil Bernstein (Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity p. 11), then teaching and learning can be truly empowering; students can be prepared for a world where they have the agency to change the defining discourses rather than being controlled by them.

The power and potential of the approach that UWCSEA has taken through writing its own curriculum was highlighted for me this week both in my classroom and in the weekly planning session with the Grade 8 English team.

Let me tell the story...

...o0o...

Making sense of the world

A play in one act

SCENE: Jabiz's classroom. A classroom on the 5th floor of UWCSEA's East campus in Singapore. The structure of the room is quite traditional but Jabiz has brought it to life with pot-plants and cushions and clear demarcations between the working spaces (chairs and tables around the back of the room) and the instruction space (couches and beanbags at the front of the room). Sitting on the couches looking at the whiteboard are Jabiz, Stuart and Ian. The two other members of the team, Paula and Adrienne, are in Manila and Phnom Phen respectively. Paula is helping to select the next group of Scholars to represent the Philippines at one of the 14 United World Colleges around the world. Adrienne is in Cambodia on a service trip using her ICT skills to help support learning in a range of schools that UWCSEA work with. (The location of Paula and Adrienne is not directly relevant to this story but it is pretty cool! - it shows how serious the school is about its mission to use education to make a better world). On the whiteboard is a projection of the planning document for the current Grade 8 unit on reading.**

JABIZ: Hey, I'm really liking the way the kids are getting into this unit at the moment.

IAN: Yeah, one of my kids greeted me in class today by saying "can we learn like this all the time?"

STUART: Agreed. We talked a few weeks ago about how the students seemed less motivated than we wanted but they have definitely turned a corner. What are we doing right?

JABIZ: I think it's down to the choices we're giving them. Modelling the skills first and then getting the kids to demonstrate their understanding in novels that they choose is the way to go.

IAN: Choosing the right books is key here though...

JABIZ: Exactly. So we model by working through a common class novel that is a bit easier and accessible and then we put the kids in groups to try out the skills on books that are right for them.

IAN: I think that's the thing we really nailed in this part of the unit: putting the right groups of kids in front of the right novels.

STUART: Agreed. That's where our professional judgment based on our knowledge of the students comes into play. So how are they getting on with the skills?

Frank R. Paul [Public domain],
from Wikimedia Commons

(Our 3 adventures look towards the the Planning document projected onto the screen in front of them. Jabiz clicks the link to the POE for the unit and the key skills are highlighted as follows:

I can identify alternative interpretations of a text.

I can consider and use others' interpretation of a text to deepen or alter my own.

I can identify how an author has constructed a narrative point of view.

I can explain the impact of a narrative point of view on my interpretation.

I can identify examples and explain how the author creates voice through diction and literary techniques.

I can explain how the author's use of voice in the text has shaped my interpretation of the text.

JABIZ: Yeah, it all seems to be coming together. They're making the transfer from the class texts like I said.

IAN: I agree, but there's something bugging me. These skills all come from our Reading Standard and they all focus on craft skills that a writer uses when they construct a text. I think they're important but they're only part of the story.

JABIZ: (in a supportive and thoughtful tone - without nearly the level of exasperated condescension that might be expected towards a colleague who questions everything and uses conversation to sort out his ideas rather than taking the time to do it in the privacy of his own blog). This is what you were talking about yesterday when you were going on about the lack of Benchmarks to articulate the purpose of reading.

IAN: (oblivious) Yeah. This is part of the struggle I've had to explain the transition between "learning to read" in Primary School and "reading to learn" in High School. We're right in the middle of this process in Middle School and something hit me about the way our current unit is working.

STUART: Go on.

IAN: Well, all our Benchmarks at the moment are about craft - I know this isn't strictly accurate, but the emphasis is very much on how a writer writes. But that's not why I read books nor why I think writers write them. They write because they have something to say about the world and I read because I want to know what it is. How they write is interesting and important but it's not the main game. I don't think we teach English in High School primarily because we want students to know how to read and write but because we want students to use these understandings to engage with the cultural understandings that writers share.

STUART: You're right. This idea is stated clearly in all the position statements for English Curricula that we looked at when we started work on our curriculum but it seems to get lost when you get to the fine detail. All around the world English Curricula say things about focussing the ethical and social understandings of writers, but they struggle to articulate what this looks like when it comes to the specifics of what to teach in the classroom.

JABIZ: So is that our Standard "Humans use story to make sense of the world?"

STUART: Yes, I think it is.

IAN: Interesting that we articulated all our Standards around craft and that we haven't worked out what the details of our Standards around content are yet. There's something going on here about the way we think as a profession and as a culture about learning - what can be taught and measured etc. We go for the more easily measurable first.

STUART: Looks like the time is right to articulate this next Standard. I'll set up a meeting.

NARRATOR: And so the curtain falls on yet another curriculum adventure and our protagonists return to their classrooms a little wiser and with yet another meeting to attend.

The End

...o0o...

Humans use story to make sense of the world

Interestingly, when I went just now to look at the Australian Curriculum, there are Level Descriptors under the Literature Strand that say something about the content as opposed to the craft of writing but they are very much in the minority. Of the 10 Level descriptors for Grade 10, here are the two which I think are not primarily about craft:

Compare and evaluate a range of representations of individuals and groups in different historical, social and cultural contexts.  

Evaluate the social, moral and ethical positions represented in texts

And I wonder to what extent these Descriptors are engaging with the idea of story. Writers make a deliberate decision to write narrative rather than philosophy, for example. There is something in the nature of the narrative mode that represents an ordering of the world which is in contrast to a philosophic or analytical approach. I'm reminded of the line attributed to Novalis that 'poetry heals the wounds inflicted by reason.' My best students have always been those who can dance poetically with the texts they analyse.

I'm not sure what our articulation of "the world as story" will look like or even if it makes sense to "analyse" something which is assumed to be outside of "reason". What I love is that we have a process for trying and that I get to share in this adventure.

And I can't help wondering if we might be trying to articulate the wrong Standard. Perhaps the point isn't to make sense of the world but rather to enjoy it: it might be the playfulness that enters these stories that we make together - in our meetings and in our classrooms - that really matters. We spend so much time applying the scalpel of reason to our world and rewarding those who can cut with the most precision; perhaps what we need is a way to value those who heal with humour and playful subversion.

How on earth could we write an assessment criteria for "constructive subversion"?




*My argument is based on my areas of expertise in the liberal arts and specifically "subject English". Basil Bernstein in Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity argues that pedagogic practice is systematic across schools and, indeed, 'is a fundamental social context through which cultural reproduction-production takes place' (p. 3). According to Bernstein's formulation of cultural reproduction, the argument should be equally valid across the school curriculum but I don't feel that I have the expertise to speak other than tentatively about the experience of teaching and learning in other areas of the curriculum.

** Apologies to Stuart and Jabiz whose dialogue is in the spirit of our conversation but in no way accurate.

Poem written with my daughter

Photo by Rosie

Meaning is a possibility,
Not a certainty;
A space,
Not an object.
I like elephants
And Swiss-bake muffins.

Meaning is a negotiation
And a shared potential:
Between philosophy
And elephants,
Fathers
And daughters,

Between pretension
And certainty,
Ambiguity
And muffins.

Ngrams

Today I discovered the joy of the Ngram. When you search for a word on Google, a wealth of information is provided, including, in the drop down box, an "Ngram" graphing the percentage use of that word in all books scanned by google.

For example, if you search for: "define curriculum"...you get:

1. curriculum

   kʌˈrɪkjʊləm/

   noun

   1. 1.

      the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.

      "course components of the school curriculum"

      synonyms:

      syllabus, course of study/studies, programme of study/studies,educational programme, subjects, modules; More

   

   
   

   Choose languageAfrikaansAlbanianArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CroatianCzechDanishDutchEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitianHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKhmerKoreanLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianMacedonianMalayMalteseMarathiNorwegianPersianPolishPortugueseRomanianRussianSerbianSlovakSlovenianSpanishSwahiliSwedishTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduVietnameseWelshYiddish

   

...and the option to open a pull-down box below. When you do this, the fun begins. The Ngram can be adjusted for different dates or words and instantly gives a picture of how the uses of different terms have become more or less popular in the books Google scans over time. 

How reliable this information is depends on how broad a spectrum of books Google has scanned and that's something I'm yet to discover. I need to google it.

Here's an Ngram as a demonstration. You can have hours of fun exploring neologisms or comparing the rise and fall of society's interests - at least to the extent that our cultural foci are represented in books and in the books that Google has scanned.

Curriculum as Dialectic rather than Linear narrative.

UWCSEA is doing interesting curriculum work at the moment. In an attempt to clearly articulate our beliefs about learning and our understandings about how best to address the school's mission statement we are rewriting our curriculum.

At a purely pragmatic level, this might seem foolish. The thousands of hours spent exploring other curricula and negotiating our own understandings could be avoided were we simply to choose a well-established program from outside the school. ACARA's new Australian curriculum, for example, is based on years of academic discussion overlayed with extensive professional consultation and a rigorous validation and review process. What ACARA (or Common Core in the USA or the UK National Curriculum or any of a large number of other national or international curricula) provide to schools is a carefully considered package for teaching and learning. These curricula are valid and reliable and provide a level of credibility in the eyes of the community that allows teachers to get on with the practice of teaching knowing that they have easy answers to questions like "why do you teach that?" Answer: "because it is in the curriculum."

What I am discovering through being part of the UWCSEA Curriculum Articulation process, is that "because it's in the curriculum" is not a good enough answer. If you teach something because someone else told you to, then you are missing out on one of the most interesting, rewarding and, I would like to argue, vital pieces of the learning jigsaw.

The curriculum we are articulating at UWCSEA will not be as well-considered as the Australian Curriculum or Common Core or the UK National Curriculum. It can't be. As I sit with my colleagues exploring and discussing what learning looks like in the English curriculum (the area where I have been most focussed), I am very aware that our discussions are compromises and approximations. We borrow and build on other curricula and adapt them to our own context but we are constantly reaching points where we say "I'm not sure, this looks like the best answer at the moment and we will need to see how it works with students and make adaptations as we review the curriculum in its implementation." There are only 6 or 8 of us sitting around the table when we nut out the English curriculum and we lack the massive resources available to governments as they do similar work. But we have something very special available to us that governments do not: we are both designing and implementing what we have designed. Our answers to the question "why do you teach that?" will never be "because it's in the curriculum."

In the end what I think matters most is not so much the curriculum we are building as it is the relationship we will have to it. Building a curriculum requires a demanding re-assessment of the purpose and structure of each of its constituent disciplines. Before even this happens, it requires a demanding assessment of the very purpose and structure of teaching and this in turn requires a thoughtful reassessment of the purpose and structure of the school. In each of these processes, the relationship between the curriculum and the school community has changed. Each re-engagement with purpose and structure has breathed a little more life into our curriculum and moved it a little further from being a linear document that instructs, towards becoming a dialectic that engages.

Building Agency

"Thought bubbles"
 Some rights reserved by Michael Taggart Photography

We know that it is difficult to disentangle the relationship between structure and agency. The way the structures of society and the agency of individuals build on each other is an ongoing arena of debate in Sociology. And whilst there is significant disagreement about what the relationship between these elements might be, a common theme amongst theorists from Max Weber to Anthony Giddens is that the structures of society serve to limit the agency of some individuals more than others. Crucially, education plays a particular role in this process; the sociologist Basil Bernstein argued that the rules and "codes" of education which are implicit in curriculum and pedagogy often serve to close rather than open doors into an individual's future.

When children fail at school, drop out, repeat, they are likely to be positioned in a factual world tied to simple operations, where knowledge is impermeable. The successful have access to the general principle, and some of these – a small number who are going to produce the discourse – will become aware that the mystery of discourse is not order, but disorder, incoherence, the possibility of the unthinkable. But the long socialization into the pedagogic code can remove the danger of the unthinkable, and of alternative realities. (Bernstein, 1996, p.26)

In the context of UWCSEA's curriculum articulation, what speaks powerfully to me in this formulation is the dichotomy Bernstein describes between an understanding of knowledge as either impermeable or permeable - as a vessel in which the agency of the individual remains trapped or as a colander through which agency can filter and reform.

Too often education reform focuses only on the detail of curricula rather than recognising the important work of deliberately and strategically nurturing the agency of those who will be bringing curriculum to life in the classroom. Those of us who have been given the rare opportunity to reflect on the structure of our disciplines through the Curriculum Articulation process go into our classrooms armed with the most important of all understandings: we know what it's like to wrestle with the structures of knowledge and we can model this to our students. Critically, we know that the foundations of our knowledge are not fixed and nor are they easily categorised and labelled. Our knowledge is permeable and could be described differently. We have less certainty and more awe and this is what I think our students need if they are to take responsibility for achieving the UWCSEA Educational Goal to "shape a better world."

My students and I are privileged to have behind us the courage of a community which is prepared to take the brave and dangerous step into a world of the 'unthinkable, and of alternative realities.'

The Light Between Oceans by M.L. Stedman
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

A very simple prose with some hints of poetry and an artfully polished narrative that shines and shines until it is blinding. The moral dilemma of the novel is built in layers that remind us that good and bad are often neither simple nor self-evident. Stedman tells the story of Tom, a survivor of WWI and a good man who, as a civilian, must make choices as morally complex as those he made in the trenches. A compelling read.

View all my reviews

Playing chess with my son

License

 Some rights reserved by cyanocorax

Each of these pieces 
Has its own story: 
One of moves made
At the hands of
Father or son or 
Grandfather who 
Offered them as a 
Gift one Christmas
To his Grandson.

Knowing he had not
Long to live
He took them from
A dusty shelf and 
Repainted those that
Were black
And revarnished
Those that were white.

Illness and age left paint
Where it
Should not be
Adding ambiguity
To our play -

The predictable patterns
of a timeless game
Knocked slightly askew.